In its decision in Ricci v. DeStefano, 129 S.Ct. 2658 (2009), the Supreme Court sought to resolve a conflict between the “twin pillars of Title VII,” the Act’s disparate-impact and disparate-treatment provisions. Ricci involved a promotional examination administered by the City of New Haven. After candidates took the examination, the City refused to certify the test results because of a concern that the test had a disparate impact on African-American candidates and would lead to the promotion of white candidates.